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Agnes Bernauer (c. 1410 – 12 October 1435) was the mistress and perhaps also the first wife of Albert, later Albert III, Duke of Bavaria. Because his father, Ernest, ruling Duke of Bavaria at the time, considered this liaison with a commoner unbefitting his son's social standing, he clashed with his son over the matter and finally arranged to have Agnes condemned for witchcraft and drowned in the Danube in 1435. Her life and death have been depicted in numerous literary works, the most well known being Friedrich Hebbel's tragedy of the same name and the folk musical ''Die Bernauerin'' by the composer Carl Orff. ==Biography== Agnes Bernauer was probably born around 1410; nothing is known of her childhood and youth. She is traditionally considered to have been the daughter of the Augsburg barber surgeon Kaspar Bernauer, whose existence has, however, not yet been proved. Since the son of the Bavarian duke Albert III participated in a tournament in Augsburg in February 1428, it is generally assumed that he met Agnes on that occasion and shortly thereafter brought her to Munich.〔On Agnes Bernauer's origins see Marita Panzer's discussion of Kaspar Bernauer in ''Agnes Bernauer'', pp. 11–15; on the tournament see ''Chronik des Hektor Mülich 1348–1487'' in: ''Die Chroniken der schwäbischen Städte. Augsburg''. vol. 3, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1965, p. 70 (following Alfons Huber, ''Agnes Bernauer im Spiegel der Quellen'', p. 13). Referring to the meagre evidence for Agnes' origins in Augsburg, Claudia Märtl in ''Straubing'', p. 154, assumes that she was a servant at the Munich court and there aroused the interest of Albert. Panzer, ''Agnes Bernauer'', p. 36f. and p. 170, comment. 32, rejects this supposition.〕 In a Munich tax roll dated 1428, a “pernawin” is listed as a member of his royal household, which is probably a reference to Agnes Bernauer. In summer 1432 at the latest, Agnes Bernauer was an integral part of the Munich court. She took part in the capture of the robber baron Münnhauser, who had fled to the Old Court in Munich, and she annoyed the Palatine Countess Beatrix, Albert's sister, because of her self-assured manner.〔On Agnes Bernauer in München see 1) Stadtarchiv München, Steueramt Nr. 584, fol. 42 r (following Marita Panzer, Agnes Bernauer, p. 36f); 2) ''Stadtarchiv München'', Kammerrechnung Stadt München 1431/32, fol. 50 v (following Alfons Huber, ''Agnes Bernauer im Spiegel der Quellen'', p. 13, cf. Panzer, ''Agnes Bernauer'', p. 38f; 3) ''Stadtarchiv München, Kammerrechnung Stadt München'' 1431/32, fol. 51 r (following Alfons Huber, ''Agnes Bernauer im Spiegel der Quellen'', p. 15, cf. ''Panzer, Agnes Bernauer'', p. 41.〕 It is possible that Agnes and Albert were already married at this point, but there is no concrete evidence of a marriage ceremony. Albert's frequent residence at Blutenburg Castle beginning in 1433 and the sale of two properties in the vicinity to Agnes suggest that the couple lived there together.〔Deed of purchase from the parish of Aubing. In: Ernst Geiß: ''Beitrag zur Geschichte der Agnes Bernauer'', in: ''Oberbayerisches Archiv''. vol. 7, 1846, p. 303f. (following Alfons Huber, ''Agnes Bernauer im Spiegel der Quellen'', p. 16). See Panzer, ''Agnes Bernauer'', p. 43f. and the reference to Johannes Erichsen: ''Umrisse Blutenburger Geschichte'', in: Claus Grimm (ed.): ''Blutenburg. Beiträge zur Geschichte von Schloß und Hofmark Menzing''. Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte, München 1983, p. 26ff.〕 There is no evidence of joint residence in Albert's county of Vohburg, and there are no known descendants of the couple.〔Gottfried Horchler argues against a marriage ceremony in Agnes Bernauer in ''Geschichte und Dichtung''. 1. Teil, Attenkofer, Straubing 1883, pp. 11–14. Sigmund Riezler argues for a secret marriage known only to a few insiders, see ''Agnes Bernauerin und die bairischen Herzoge'' in: ''Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Historische Classe.'' Jahrgang 1885, pp. 294–301. The children who are repeatedly mentioned as theirs, Sibilla Neufarer and Albert vom Hof, cannot have had Agnes Bernauer as their mother: Sibilla's father was Albert III, but she married for the second time already in 1444 and already had a son at that time. Albert vom Hof was an illegitimate son of Albert IV and was born only in 1447. Cf. Panzer, ''Agnes Bernauer'', pp. 52–56.〕 Duke Ernest, Albert's father, was infuriated by the threat to the succession posed by his only son's unsuitable liaison. While Albert was on a hunt arranged by his relative Henry of Bavaria-Landshut, Duke Ernest had Agnes arrested and drowned in the Danube River on 12 October 1435 near Straubing.〔Andreas von Regensburg: ''Chronica de principibus terrae Bavarorum'', in: Georg Leidinger (ed.): ''Sämtliche Werke''. Rieger, München 1903, p. 583f. (written before 1444; following Alfons Huber, ''Agnes Bernauer im Spiegel der Quellen'', p. 55).〕 Albert then went to Ingolstadt to Duke Louis VII, but after a few months was reconciled with his father and married Anna of Brunswick in November 1436.〔Financial records concerning events up to the marriage of Albert and Anna: 1) ''Kammerrechnung Stadt München 1435/36'', fol. 45 r; 1434/35 (following Alfons Huber, ''Agnes Bernauer im Spiegel der Quelle''n, p. 26). 2) ''Kammerrechnung Stadt München 1434/35'' (following Alfons Huber, ''Agnes Bernauer im Spiegel der Quellen'', p. 26). 3) ''Kammerrechnung Stadt München 1435/36'', fol. 57 (following Alfons Huber, ''Agnes Bernauer im Spiegel der Quellen'', p. 32, p. 40). 4) ''Kammerrechnung Stadt München'' 1435/36, fol. 59 v (following Alfons Huber, ''Agnes Bernauer im Spiegel der Quellen'', p. 44). 5) ''Kammerrechnung Stadt München 1435/36'', fol. 49 v; ''Kammerrechnung Stadt München 1436/37'', fol. 56 v (following Alfons Huber, ''Agnes Bernauer im Spiegel der Quellen'', p. 47f.).〕 The feared military conflict between father and son did not materialize; it is possible that Emperor Sigismund exerted a restraining effect on Albert. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Agnes Bernauer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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